Vastu Shastra
Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra - literally "science of architecture"[2]) is a traditional Indian system of architecture originating in India.[3] Texts from the Indian subcontinent describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry.[4][5] Vastu Shastras incorporate traditional Hindu and (in some cases) Buddhist beliefs.[6] The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns (yantra), symmetry, and directional alignments.[7]
Vastu Shastra are the textual part of Vastu Vidya - the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India.[
9] Vastu Vidya knowledge is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organisation of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and the overall fabric of the Vastu.
[9] Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of Mandir (Hindu temples),
[10] and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops and other public areas.
2●○•- History
tracing links of the principles of composition in Vastu Shastra and the Indus Valley Civilization have been made, but scholar Kapila Vatsyayan is reluctant to speculate on such links given the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered.
16] According to Chakrabarti, Vastu Vidya is as old the Vedic period and linked to the ritual architecture.
[18According to Michael W. Meister, the Atharvaveda contains verses with mystic cosmogony which provide a paradigm for cosmic planning, but they did not represent architecture nor a developed practice.
19varahamihira's Brihat Samhita dated to the sixth century CE, states Meister, is the first known Indian text that describes "something like a vastupurusamandala to plan cities and buildings"The emergence of Vastu vidya as a specialised field of science is speculated to have occurred significantly before the 1st-century CE.
Description
There exist many Vāstu-Śastras on the art of building houses, temples, towns and cities. One such Vāstu Śastra is by Thakkura Pheru, describing where and how temples should be built.
20] By 6th century AD, Sanskrit manuals for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India.
21] Vāstu-Śastra manuals included chapters on home construction, town planning, and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature. While it is unclear, states Barnett,
[22] as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, the manuals suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.
The Silpa Prakasa of Odisha, authored by Ramachandra Bhattaraka Kaulachara sometime in ninth or tenth century CE, is another Vāstu Śastra.
23] Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female figures. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in eastern states of India. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. For example, in Saurastra tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of Nataka-stri compared to 16 types described in Silpa Prakasa.[
23] Silpa Prakasa provides brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. Other texts, such as Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana compiled by Daniel Smith[
24] and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara
[25] provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types.
Ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's Prasadamandana (literally, manual for planning and building a temple) with chapters on town building.
26] Manasara shilpa and Mayamata, texts of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on South Indian Vastu design and construction.
27] Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.
[28] In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples.
[29][.These ancient Vāstu Śastras, often discuss and describe the principles of Hindu temple design, but do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple.
[31] They describe the temple as a holistic part of its community, and lay out various principles and a diversity of alternate designs for home, village and city layout along with the temple, gardens, water bodies and nature.
3●•-
Mandala types and properties
The central area in all mandala is the Brahmasthana. Mandala "circle-circumference" or "completion", is a concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance in both Hinduism and Buddhism. The space occupied by it varies in different mandala – in Pitha (9) and Upapitha (25) it occupies one square module, in Mahaapitha (16), Ugrapitha (36) and Manduka (64), four square modules and in Sthandila (49) and Paramasaayika (81), nine square modules.[33] The Pitha is an amplified Prithvimandala in which, according to some texts, the central space is occupied by earth. The Sthandila mandala is used in a concentric manner.[33]
The most important mandala is the Manduka/Chandita Mandala of 64 squares and the Paramasaayika Mandala of 81 squares. The normal position of the Vastu Purusha (head in the northeast, legs in the southwest) is as depicted in the Paramasaayika Mandala. However, in the Manduka Mandala the Vastu Purusha is depicted with the head facing east and the feet facing west.[citation needed]
It is believed that every piece of a land or a building has a soul of its own and that soul is known as Vastu Purusha.[34]
A site of any shape can be divided using the Pada Vinyasa. Sites are known by the number of squares. They range from 1x1 to 32x32 (1024) square sites. Examples of mandalas with the corresponding names of sites include:[7]
- Sakala (1 square) corresponds to Eka-pada (single divided site)
- Pechaka (4 squares) corresponds to Dwi-pada (two divided site)
- Pitha (9 squares) corresponds to Tri-pada (three divided site)
- Mahaapitha (16 squares) corresponds to Chatush-pada (four divided site)
- Upapitha (25 squares) corresponds to Pancha-pada (five divided site)
- Ugrapitha (36 squares) corresponds to Shashtha-pada (six divided site)
- Sthandila (49 squares) corresponds to Sapta-pada (seven divided site)
- Manduka/ Chandita (64 square) corresponds to Ashta-pada (eight divided site)
- Paramasaayika (81 squares) corresponds to Nava-pada (nine divided site)
- Aasana (100 squares) corresponds to Dasa-pada (ten divided site)
- Bhadrmahasan (196 squares) corresponds to Chodah-pada (14 divided sites)
Sanskrit treatises on architecture
Of the numerous Sanskrit treatises mentioned in ancient Indian literature, some have been translated in English. Many Agamas, Puranas and Hindu scriptures include chapters on architecture of temples, homes, villages, towns, fortifications, streets, shop layout, public wells, public bathing, public halls, gardens, river fronts among other things.[5] In some cases, the manuscripts are partially lost, some are available only in Tibetan, Nepalese or South Indian languages, while in others original Sanskrit manuscripts are available in different parts of India. Some treatises, or books with chapters on Vaastu Shastra include:[5]
- Manasara
- Brhat samhita
- Mayamata
- Anka sastra
- Aparajita Vāstu Śastra
- Maha-agamas (28 books, each with 12 to 75 chapters)
- Ayadi Lakshana
- Aramadi Pratishtha Paddhati (includes garden design)
- Kasyapiya
- Kupadi Jala Sthana Lakshana
- Kshetra Nirmana Vidhi (preparation of land and foundation of buildings including temples)
- Gargya samhita (pillars, doors, windows, wall design and architecture)
- Griha Pithika (types of houses and their construction)
- Ghattotsarga Suchanika (riverfront and steps architecture)
- Chakra sastra
- Jnana ratna kosha
- Vastu sarani (measurement, ratio and design layouts of objects, particularly buildings)
- Devalaya Lakshana (treatise on construction of temples)
- Dhruvadi shodasa gehani (guidelines for arrangement of buildings with respect to each other for harmony)
- Nava sastra (36 books, most lost)
- Agni Purana (Chapters 42 through 55, and 106 - Nagaradi Vastu)
- Matsya Purana (Chapters 252 through 270)
- Maya samgraha
- Prasada kirtana
- Prasada Lakshana
- Tachchu sastra (primarily home design for families)
- Manushyalaya Lakshana (primarily human dwelings)
- Manushyalaya Chandrika
- Mantra dipika
- Mana kathana (measurement principles)
- Manava vastu lakshana
- Manasollasa (chapters on house layout, mostly ancient cooking recipes)
- Raja griha nirmana (architecture and construction principles for royal palaces)
- Rupa mandana
- Vastu chakra
- Vastu tattva
- Vastu nirnaya
- Vastu purusha lakshana
- Vastu prakasa
- Vastu pradipa
- Vastu manjari
- Vastu mandana
- Vastu lakshana
- Vastu vichara
- Vastu Vidya
- Vastu vidhi
- Vastu samgraha
- Vastu sarvasva
- Vimana lakshana (tower design)
- Visvakarma prakasa (home, roads, water tanks and public works architecture)
- Vaikhanasa
- Sastra jaladhi ratna
- Silpa prakasa
- Silpakala Dipika
- Silpartha Śastra
- Sanatkumara Vāstu Śastra
- Samarangana Sutradhara
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